Clinical Trials
What Is a Clinical Trial? Phases and How They Work
A clear guide to clinical trials: what they are, the four phases, who can take part, how randomization and blinding work, and how participants are protected.
Clinical trials
A clinical trial is a study in which investigators assign an intervention — a drug, a device, a procedure — and then measure what happens, rather than observing what people do anyway. That assignment is what allows a trial to support a claim about cause, and it is why trials sit at the centre of how medicine decides whether a treatment works.
Our reporting on trials covers what a given study was designed to show and what it was not, how its participants compare with the patients a result would be applied to, and what happens between a published result and a change in practice.
Medical Studies
How to Read and Understand a Medical Research Study
A practical guide to reading medical research: study design, sample size, p-values, confidence intervals, absolute vs relative risk, bias, and conflicts of interest.
Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial Phases Explained: Phase 1 to Approval
Clinical trial phases explained: what happens in Phase 1, 2, 3 and 4, how each stage is designed, and how trial evidence supports FDA and EMA approval.
Medical Studies
Randomized Controlled Trials Explained
How randomized controlled trials work: randomization, blinding, control groups, intention-to-treat analysis, and why RCTs are the standard for testing treatments.
Clinical Trials
What Are Clinical Trial Phases in Drug Development?
Clinical trial phases in drug development: what evidence each phase produces, how go/no-go decisions are made, and how phases differ for biologics and vaccines.
Clinical Research
What Is Clinical Research? A Complete Guide
Clinical research explained: what it is, the main study types, how trials are regulated and reviewed, and how evidence reaches clinical practice.